Portland's Water and Sewer System

Bull Run and Water Treatment

Many people just assume that Portland has so much water that it never rationed or conserved. Surprisingly, there has been years when conservation measures were enacted and even years when water was rationed.

Portlanders have an affair with a large, woodsy chunk of 102 square miles of land near Mount Hood.  It's called Bull Run and it the main water supply for Portland and surrounding communities. The Bull Run system taps two reservoirs near Mount Hood, then sends the water by gravity to over 900,000 city and suburban customers with doses of chlorine and ammonia along the way. A groundwater system (Columbia South Shore Well Field) with 22 available wells in three aquifers provides a back-up source of water.

Bull Run is owned by the City of Portland.

The Bull Run raw water quality is exceptional — the watershed is reserved solely for producing drinking water and federal laws restrict human entry. In Portland, water from the Bull Run watershed rolls in, pushed by gravity. The water is treated at the Bull Run Headworks (just below Reservoir and Dam 2) with chlorine, then with ammonia and sodium hydroxide at the Lusted Hill treatment facility (just below Bull Run Headworks). At that point it's officially considered treated water. As the water leaves Lusted Hill, some may spin off into homes in Rockwood or Gresham, but most goes to Portland. The water then gets extra chlorine at two points, after it leaves Reservoir 6 in Mt. Tabor and after it leaves Reservoir 4 in Washington Park. To check on all that water, there are 160 sampling stations throughout the system.

The name "Bull Run" comes from 1850s folklore.  Legend has it that a herd of cattle being driving near the Cascade Mountains broke fee and managed to thrive in the wilderness, only appearing now and then to sip from Bull Run.

Here are the numbers:

• 80 to 180 inches of rain each year in the Bull Run area.
• 21 billion gallons stored in Bull Run Lake and behind two dams.
• As much as 200 million gallons each day piped to Portland and surrounding communities.

Portland Water and Sewer Rates Among Highest in the Nation

In March of 2011, the Portland City Council began questioning the bureau's plans to raise rates by 13.9 percent by July, despite inflationary increases of less than 4 percent. Over the next five years, the cumulative rate increase is expected to be 85 percent.

Quarterly bills for a typical residential customer would rise from $74 now to $84 come July. By mid-2015, they're projected to hit $137 a quarter, likely to push Portland's water bills significantly above the average for the 50 largest U.S. cities. Adding in projected sewer charges, already among the nation's highest, Portland's combined water and sewer bill would total $346 a quarter in five years.

About 25 percent of the water rate increase for 2012 is tied to the Environmental Protection Agency's mandate that Portland deal with cryptosporidium, a chlorine-resistant parasite that all evidence indicates is awfully scarce around here. Unless the bureau can get a variance, the city will have to build a $100 million ultraviolet treatment plant to kill the microbe at its Bull Run storage reservoirs near Mount Hood. The city is also set to spend up to $400 million to replace five open-air drinking water reservoirs at Mount Tabor and Washington parks with covered storage to guard against cryptosporidium.

From Forest to Faucet

The water is stored in three above-ground reservoirs sites in the city:  Mt. Tabor, Washington Park, and Powell Butte.  The Mt. Tabor and Washington Park reservoirs are open. Mt. Tabor has Reservoirs 1, 5, and 6.  Washington Parks reservoirs are numbered Reservoir 3 and Reservoir 4. In addition to the five above-ground reservoirs, the system has one underground reservoir and 62 tanks. This is sufficient to store about three days worth of drinking water.

As the waters flow from 'Forest to Faucet', for many customers there is at least one more stop before water gets to the customer: a water storage tank. Storage tanks are a necessity for a variety of reasons. Water storage tanks have two primary functions: Water tanks  guarantee that a particular neighborhood in a service area will have adequate water pressures during all times of day, no matter what the season. Elevating water in tanks improves pressure throughout the system. Portland ha

s sixty-four tanks. They are constructed either of concrete or steel.  The concrete tanks hold from sixty thousand gallons to four million gallons of water. (The transmission tanks at Powell Butte are bigger.) The balance of the other tanks are steel with either riveted, or welded construction that hold from thirty thousand gallons to over five million gallons of water.  Some of the tanks are above ground, others are either buried underground or partially buried.

History of the Water Supply

The first effort at a municipal water supply came in the late 1850s with the private Pioneer Water Works.

According to E. Kimbark MacColl's Merchants, Money and Power, the Portland Establishment 1814-1913 (The Georgian Press, 1988), that operation gave way to merchants Herman Leonard and John Green, founders in January 1859 of the Portland Gas Light Co., the third of its kind on the West Coast. In 1862, Leonard and Green bought Pioneer Water for $5,400 and spent $50,000 expanding it into the Portland Water Company.

In 1865 Leonard and Green were leading investors in the Oregon Iron Co. in Oswego, with merchant bankers William S. Ladd and Henry Failing as lesser partners. Over the next 20 years, the foundry struggled to stay in operation and morphed into Oregon Iron & Steel Co., while Portland gradually outgrew its private water supplies, mainly wells and the increasingly polluted Willamette River.

In 1885 the major player on the local political scene was Joseph Simon, a Republican lawyer characterized by detractors as "The Boss." Simon held little sway over the Democratically controlled City Council, but his influence over the Republican Legislature was virtually complete.

Water Board

Simon directed state lawmakers and Republican Gov. Zenas Moody in creating two boards independent of the Portland council, the Board of Pol

ice Commissioners and the Water Committee. Both were appointed by the governor and packed with Simon cronies.

On the Water Board, as it was known, were what MacColl calls "15 of the city's most prominent civic leaders - the cream of the Portland Establishment," including Ladd, Failing, Henry W. Corbett, Simeon Reed and Frank Dekum.

Despite its pedigree, the Water Board was understandably held in low esteem by the City Council, which voted 6-1 to designate it as the "Oligarchy of 15." An appeal to the Legislature to restore the waterworks to city government failed. A legal challenge to the board was rejected by the Oregon Supreme Court.

The board was authorized to sell $700,000 in tax-free bonds to set up a municipal water system. They sold quickly, and, among eager buyers were Ladd & Tilton Bank, $200,000, and First National Bank, of which Failing was president, $170,000.

The board paid Green and Leonard $478,000 for Portland Water Co. and Ladd & Tilton Bank $150,000 for the Crystal Springs Water Co. in Southeast Portland.

Ladd, the chief influence on the board - its meetings were always held in his office - led a move to spend another $500,000 to tap Bull Run for the city. Reed objected publicly on grounds of cost and claimed the existing water supply was just fine.

Behind-the-scenes scuttlebutt indicated Reed was miffed because Ladd had maneuvered him out of the presidency of Oregon Iron & Steel Co. Reed's objection dissolved when, lo and behold, he got his old job back and Oregon Iron & Steel got an $84,872 contract for 1,997 tons of water pipe, the first of many. In 1889, the board bought about four square miles of land in the Bull Run watershed. Most of the surrounding land was owned by the federal government.

The project ran into trouble when Gov. Sylvester Pennoyer, of the Democrat People's Party, vetoed one measure to extend the board's tax-free bonding capacity by $500,000 and then another. It wasn't until 1891 that the board managed to push through $2.5 million in taxable bonds.

Bull Run Watershed Declared National Forest Reserve by President Harrison

On June 17, 1892, President Benjamin Harrison, at Portland's behest, declared the entire 102-square-mile Bull Run watershed a national forest reserve.

In January 1895, the tap was officially turned, and Bull Run water flowed into the city for the first time. Pennoyer, whose negativity moved Judge Matthew Deady privately to grumble that he should be more rightly named "Sylpester Annoyer," gave it a governmental taste test.

According to MacColl, Pennoyer "allowed that it had neither the body nor flavor of the Willamette."

Within two years "the City's health officer documented a phenomenal decrease in the number of cases of typhoid fever and the lowest death rate on record at the time," according to the city Bureau of Water Works' Web site.

Despite the board's duplicity, Portland, at 75 cents per residential water customer per month, "would have the second-lowest rates in the nation," says MacColl, "only slightly more than those in Niagara Falls, New York."  Today, Portland's water and sewer rates are among the highest in the nation.

U.S. Forest Service Forced to Stop Logging at Bull Run

In 1904, President Theodore Roosevelt signed a "Trespass Act" further restricting access. Between 1948 and 1993 the U.S. Forest Service allowed about 25 percent of the watershed's timber to be logged. That may or may not have caused some later turbidity in the reservoirs, but it most certainly stirred consternation in the minds of Portland pure-water buffs.

Lawsuits and federal legislation have since ordained the watershed be restored and reserved exclusively for production of its No. 1 product: aqua pura.

Removing Roads to Keep Portland's Water Source Safe

In 2008, the Forest Service started dismantling miles of old logging roads and reshaping the slopes of Bull Run. The deteriorating roads, built atop thousands of dump-truck loads of unstable fill, are environmental time bombs that could slump and collapse. That would send dirt cascading into crystalline Bull Run reservoirs that provide Portland some of the purest drinking water in the country. If that happened, the Portland Water Bureau would have to switch temporarily to other water sources or undertake more expensive treatment.

For years the Forest Service and the Water Bureau were at odds over logging in the watershed.  Now they have a partnership. The Water Bureau will maintain some roads for access to its water system and for firefighting. The Forest Service will take out the rest.

The agency has "decommissioned" and actively removed 45 miles of road within the 65,500 acres that drain into Portland's water supply. Now crews are taking out the final 18 miles of road in the critical area. The work is funded with a slice of the $40 million that Congress allocated to deal with deteriorating roads in national forests. 

That money also is paying for removal of 245 old rusting culverts that forest officials worry could become blocked in storms and cause roads to wash out. The Forest Service has shut down another 78 miles of road that pose no erosion risks so nature can reclaim them. The agency terms that work "passive decommissioning."

All told, the work has made a serious dent in the 346 miles of road that once criss-crossed the Bull Run. Environmental groups say that's a good start, but that much more work remains.

Source for some of the above is from an article in The Oregonian (July 21, 2002) by John Terry.

EPA:  Filtration Treatment and Covering the Reservoirs

Current regulations allow an exemption to filtration the water supply. Since late 2005, the EPA and the City of Portland have been engaged in a lawsuit over the filtration issue and covering the water reservoirs in the city.  The City of Portland’s challenge to the federal Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2).  Portland’s petition had challenged two requirements of the rule:

• One would force the city to provide additional treatment (ultraviolet light) of its Bull Run drinking water source to either eliminate or inactivate the microbial pathogen, Cryptosporidium.
• The second would require that the city either cover its open finished drinking water reservoirs at Mt. Tabor and Washington Parks, provide treatment for Cryptosporidium at the outlets of the reservoirs, or take the reservoirs out of service.

In early November, 2007, in a unanimous decision, the three-judge panel of the Washington, DC District Court of Appeals issued a decision in the City of Portland ’s challenge to the federal Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2). The Court rejected Portland ’s challenge to the rule.

In a reversal of the Washington DC District Court of Appeals ruling, Oregon officials announced in late November 2011 that they plan to let Portland skip federally mandated water treatment in the Bull Run watershed, saving water ratepayers upward of $68 million. The Oregon Health Authority is the agency tasked with enforcing U.S. Environmental Protection Agency edicts. The ruling means Portland almost certainly will escape building an ultraviolet treatment plant —initially estimated to cost $100 million — to eliminate cryptosporidium in Bull Run water. The city has argued for years that it doesn't need to treat for the potentially lethal parasite, undetected in the watershed in almost a decade. State officials, given the authority to grant a variance to EPA rules, agreed. The variance would not affect a more expensive EPA requirement - that the city replace its open reservoirs, a set of projects estimated to cost $400 million.

Portland Wins Variance, Won't Have to Build Water Treatment Plant

The Oregonian reported in its March 15, 2012, that the Oregon Health Authority announced that it has given Portland permission to skip building a costly treatment plant for the Bull Run watershed. The long-sought variance, good for 10 years, carries conditions. But health authorities agreed that Bull Run water does not need to be treated for cryptosporidium, a parasite that can cause intestinal distress and even death.

The decision means the city's Water Bureau will not have to build a $90 million plant. But city officials already have spent $22 million planning the facility, putting savings at $68 million.

State health authorities originally told the city in November that they expected to grant the variance. But they then extended the public comment period after tests in December and January found evidence of the parasite for the first time since 2002.

The variance requires stricter testing. One positive sample would trigger intense monitoring for a year, and the presence of one or more oocysts — seedlike structures of cryptosporidium — per 13,334 liters tested would end the variance.

Portland Must Covered Reservoirs 

In late May of 2013, Portland leaders officially gave up efforts to avoid federal requirements and will cover the city's open-air reservoirs by 2020.  Portland since 2006 has been told it must shut down or cover its open-air reservoirs but has repeatedly chased alternatives, most recently in February of 2013. But state officials, with power to grant an extension, denied the request in April 2013 and now the Portland City Council is done fighting.

Under federal "LT2" requirements, Portland cannot continue storing water in open-air reservoirs at Mt. Tabor and Washington Park. Portland is one of the only cities in the country that uses open-air reservoirs.

Officials are building a 25 million gallon reservoir at Kelly Butte to replace an existing 10 million tank. Mt. Tabor's reservoirs are slated to go offline in 2015, while a main and tank project at Washington Park are scheduled by the end of 2020.

Treatment of Sewage

After the Bull Run water arrives in taps, toilets, showers and industrial pipes, it heads to one place, a waste water treatment plant. Everything must work all the time, day and night. It's an intermediate step in a process of continuous recycling between sky and ocean. If a pipe leaks or a pump quits, redundant machinery, including backup systems of backups systems, averts disaster.

Treatment doesn't remove all health hazards, such as heavy metals, chemicals or pathogens. It just accelerates the natural process of decomposition until the treated sewage meets national health standards for recycling it in rivers and on farms.

The Clean Water Act of 1972 set those standards, spurring treatment plants around the country to develop new ways of treating sewage. Experts disagree about whether those standards, set by the Environmental Protection Agency, are rigorous enough to protect public health.

Before 1952 Portland's raw sewage sloshed down wooden troughs to the Willamette River. Since 1952, when the city built its waste water treatment plant in North Portland, improvements have arrived every decade, even if raw sewage still ran into the river whenever it rained hard. The latest upgrade came in late 2011, when the $1.4 billion Big Pipe project went into operation, collecting sewage, storm water, industrial waste water and paved-over streams, and moving it all to the plant.

The city's ratepayers know all too well about the Big Pipe — they are the ones paying for it with some of the country's highest water/sewer bills. In exchange, they're getting a cleaner river. The two big new pipes on either side of the Willamette should reduce sewage overflows into the river by 94 percent.

Treating the Sewage: House to River in Eight Hours

The journey of Portland's waste water from 614,000 customers begins in a pipe from your house to a sewer line that runs under the middle of your street. Gravity pulls the sewage into increasingly larger pipes down to either side of the Willamette River. From there, really big pipes — 22 feet wide on the east side, 15 feet on the west — head north. Along the way, industrial flow and rain and creek water join the surge. A pump station on Swan Island heaves it up and over Willamette Bluff, where it continues to the Columbia Boulevard Wastewater Treatment Plant beside the Columbia Slough in North Portland.

If you live in Sellwood the journey from house to plant takes about three hours at a stately rate of 4 mph. Rush hour, when the plant receives its highest volume, hits around 2 p.m.

Portland's plant occupies 140 acres of low buildings, pumps, basins, tanks, pools, clarifiers, skimmers, digesters, presses, scrubbers, conveyor belts and hoppers. Their work is to remove physical, chemical and biological bad stuff and produce waste safe enough to return to the environment. Most of the operations are automated; the most crowded room is a computer station where workers monitor levels of sewage and chemicals used to treat the waste water.

Raw sewage first enters the plant through five underground pipes. Industries are required to reduce toxins such as lead and arsenic to acceptable levels onsite before they enter the sewer system. At the first stop, giant rakes scrape off floating debris — 16 tons a day of cellphones, condoms, false teeth, sticks, rocks, rags — that gets trucked to the landfill. Grit basins remove sand and fine rocks.

Treating the Water

The gray-brown water emerges into daylight, where the real party begins. Trillions of microbes — 10.625 trillion to be exact — leap into action to break down the material into carbon dioxide, water and methane. Powerful blowers push up to 65,000 daily pounds of microbe-friendly oxygen through bubble defusers. The water roils and boils.

At the last stop are open basins where sweepers scrape the remaining sludge off the floor and it's pumped back into aeration tanks to feed the voracious microbes. Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) disinfects more bugs. Pipes then carry the treated water two miles north where, underneath two small, unmarked buildings beside the Columbia River, sodium bisulphite lowers the bleach content to levels acceptable to the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality.

On rainless days, about 50,000 gallons a minute of treated waste water flows into the Columbia through pipes that run underground to the middle of the river. Fishermen know exactly where the outflow occurs because fish gather there to feast on the nutrient-rich water. On big rain days, when the increased volume can fill all the tanks, any overflow receives only minimal treatment before flowing into the Columbia. It's a common practice, allowed by the DEQ.

All of the water that comes into the plant  goes into the Columbia. Not drinkable but river quality.

Treating the Solids

What happens to the sludge is a different tale. After it's scraped, squeezed, digested and de-watered to the consistency of "wet cake" — the process takes 15 to 25 days and produces enough methane to supply 42 percent of the treatment plant's energy — Portland's poop climbs a three-story conveyor belt and drops into two hoppers. Every few hours, day and night, a truck pulls up below the hoppers, fills up and heads to eastern Oregon.

Exactly 200 miles later, each truck, carrying 69,320 pounds of biosolids, rumbles over a dirt road to one of several staging areas the size of a football field on Kent Madison's farm in Echo, a few miles south of Hermiston. Six trucks make two round trips every 24 hours. Madison has been accepting Portland's sludge since 1990.

A front loader scoops up the sludge and fills a manure spreader, and, based on GPS coordinates, heads to the appropriate field. Traveling at exactly 2.5 mph, the material is unloaded off the side of the spreader over a 20-foot-wide swath at a rate of 3.8 tons per acre. Seven minutes later, thee empty spreader shuts down and heads back for another load.

Sixty or so days later, depending on the season, Madison allows cattle to graze on the fertilized area. The cattle, owned by Wilson Cattle Co. of North Powder, end up as beef sold to restaurants, supermarkets and other outlets in six Western states.

Nationally, about 55 percent of the 7.1 million tons of sewage sludge generated each year is applied on farms. The rest goes into landfill or is burned. All 15,000 annual tons of Portland's biosolids end up on farmland, but Madison is barred by law from applying it directly to any USDA-certified organic produce.

Two-thirds goes on dryland pasture, plus wheat, alfalfa and canola crops on Madison's rolling farm. The rest goes to smaller farms in Wasco County that are closer to Portland, saving hauling fuel. About 5,000 acres of Madison's 17,500 acres receive Portland's biosolids. Salem's and Beaverton's biosolids go on smaller areas of his farm.

As you might expect with fertilizer, biosolids produced lush crops and more forage for cattle on Madison's farm, according to studies by the Bureau of Environmental Services. Grass yield increased 530 percent over an eight-year period covered by the study.

Farmers have applied human-waste fertilizer to their fields for eons, but only relatively recently have cities turned to farmers to dispose of their biosolids. New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Seattle and numerous other cities apply biosolids to farmland.

Safety Issues

Health risks from biosolids are much-studied, producing thousands of academic reports. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, which sets what it deems "acceptable" levels of harmful metals, viruses and chemicals in sludge, acknowledges that more study is needed to identify possible new contaminants.

The EPA reviews its sludge regulations every two years to identify possible new toxins.

The EPA divides biosolids into two grades: Class A and the less rigorously treated Class B sewage sludge. Class A sludge has been treated to reduce bacteria before spreading it on land; Class B has not. Portland has a Class B treatment plant.

Source:  "River of Sewage Flows Under City Each Day," by David Stabler, The Oregonian, February 25, 2012.